Neutrophils are among the first responders of the innate immune system in combating bacterial infections. Upon the onset of a local infection, systemic inflammation increases the de novo production of neutrophils and enhances the mobilisation of immature neutrophils into circulation [1]. Activated neutrophils migrate from the bloodstream to the infected tissue, where they capture, engulf, phagocytose, and kill invading microorganisms by releasing antimicrobial substances.

Activated and attracted by various cytokines, neutrophils form net-like structures called ‘neutrophil extracellular traps’ (NETs), a process known as ‘NETosis’ [2]. During this process, the neutrophils release nucleic acid, condensed as chromatin, which makes up the main component of NETs, together with histones and numerous proteins [2]. However, besides the benefit of pathogen clearance, excessive NETosis can be detrimental to the host [3]. Moreover, the interaction between NETs, platelets, and the endothelium plays a crucial role in the development of immunothrombosis, contributing to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and resulting in thrombocytopenia [4, 5].

Obtained from a routine blood count, Sysmex haematology analysers can differentiate between activated neutrophils (neutrophil reactivity intensity = NEUT-RI) and resting neutrophils (NEUT %/#), based on their fluorescence intensity signal. Activated neutrophils produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and this increased metabolic activity results in higher fluorescence intensity signals [6].

Besides neutrophils, the appearance of immature granulocytes (IG) in the peripheral blood indicates an enhanced demand for neutrophils that exceeds the bone marrow’s maturation capacity, leading to the premature release of progenitor cells into circulation. This provides information about the severity of the innate immune response [7].

Neutrophil parameters (NEUT-RI, NEUT-GI), along with lymphocyte parameters (RE-LYMP, AS-LYMP), constitute Sysmex’s ‘Extended Inflammation Parameters’ (EIP). This set of diagnostic parameters allows the quantification of the activation status of these cells (Table 1). Different study groups have shown that EIP can support the differentiation of septic and non-septic patients, as well as bacterial and viral infections [8–10].

Case results

A male patient in his 70s was admitted to the hospital for a workup of nephrotic syndrome. During his stay he developed a fever. Blood testing revealed white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) within reference intervals [11]; however, platelets were markedly decreased, and the WBC differential showed neutrophil dominance.

Fig. 1 Haematology lab results displayed by the XR-Series information-processing unit (IPU).

In the WDF scattergram, the neutrophil cloud (light blue) was shifted upwards towards an increased SFL signal (Fig. 2). This observation aligns with the increased NEUT-RI value of 73.3 FI (reference interval: 42.0 – 50.6 FI [11]). Additionally, a subset of cells is classified as immature granulocytes (dark blue) in the WDF scattergram. The elevated neutrophil count, increased neutrophil activation (NEUT-RI), and the increasing immature granulocytes are consistent with the pattern of an early innate immune response against bacterial infections.

Fig. 2 WDF scattergram showing a neutrophil position shifted upwards and the presence of immature granulocytes (dark blue).

Neutrophil activation was further confirmed by the presence of toxic granulation on the peripheral blood smear. Additionally, the inflammation marker C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated (40.3 mg/L).

Fig. 3 (A) The patient’s peripheral blood smear showed toxic granulation of neutrophils. (B) The blood culture (gram staining) was tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus.

The observed thrombocytopenia (PLT 67 x 10³/µL) is a common phenomenon during bacterial inflammation and might be driven by decreased platelet production, increased platelet activation and consumption in thrombi, and heightened platelet destruction [12]. The blood culture was positive and confirmed the occurrence of a bacterial infection with S. aureus.