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A new technique for melanoma diagnosis and treatment

Melanoma and skin cancer

Worldwide, incidences of skin cancer are increasing. While there are several types of skin cancer, melanoma is the deadliest, killing around 50,000 people worldwide each year [1]. The good news is that the range of treatment options is expanding, and if diagnosed early, patients have a much higher likelihood of beating the disease.

Prevention

Protect yourself with small, everyday changes

We all know that too much sun exposure can be dangerous – most of us have experienced the pain of a sunburn. Even in conditions that we don’t expect sun damage to occur, such as cloudy days or when it’s cold outside, it’s still possible.

Melanoma is caused by skill cells that begin to develop abnormally, which exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is thought to cause. Sudden, intense sun exposure can be the most unexpected, but also the most dangerous. That’s why it’s important to be informed and prepared.

Why the focus on melanoma?

Melanoma is much less common than some of the other types of skin cancer, but melanoma is more dangerous because it more likely to spread quickly than other types.

Sun exposure adds up over time, so it’s logical that is more likely to occur in older people. However, melanoma is one of the most common cancers in people younger than 30, making it extremely important to educate younger generations of the dangers of skin cancer.

Surgery

A more flexible staging standard

During melanoma treatment, it is important to assess whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. The first lymph nodes where cancer cells are most likely to spread to are called sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Using the Sentimag® - Magtrace® magnetic localisation system, SLNs can be identified effectively while avoiding issues related with radioactive materials [2-3].

The procedure

In order to identify the SLNs during surgery, the surgeon injects a small amount (just up to 2 ml) of Magtrace® tracer into the skin close to the cancer or the scar tissue. After injection, the Magtrace® tracer will flow through the lymphatic system and will ‘mark’ the SLNs.

The injection can happen up to 30 days prior to surgery or in the operating theatre after the patient undergoes anaesthesia. During the surgical procedure, the surgeon will use the Sentimag® probe to identify the marked SLNs, which will be removed and sent to the pathology lab for analysis.

Benefit

The Magtrace® tracer is an established technique that has been used in over 65,000 cases. It enables more flexibility and convenience for both patients and physicians as it can be injected within a 30-day window.

Endomag®, Sentimag® and Magseed® are registered European Union trademarks of Endomagnetics Ltd www.endomag.com

Magtrace® is a registered trademark of Endomagnetics Ltd in the United Kingdom www.endomag.com

Treatment

Treatment solutions in melanoma - precisely bring to light what needs to be seen

Melanoma is often considered one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancers [4]. In the past few years, the therapeutic landscape of melanoma has been revolutionised by immunotherapies and targeted therapies. Both strategies have shown markedly improved survival compared with the use of chemotherapy regimens [5].
Precision diagnostics are key to selecting the right therapy at the right time for the right cancer patient.

Gene alterations play a key role during the onset and development of melanoma [6]. Therefore, reliable assessment of the tumour’s mutational status is decisive not only in selecting cancer patients eligible for targeted therapy, but also later on to monitor response to treatment and disease progression.
To investigate such genetic changes, oncologists can make use of a variety of molecular genetic tests which may support them in making personalised treatment decisions.

Sysmex offers a range of products based on cutting-edge molecular biology technologies supporting heath care professionals and patients along the whole pathway of care.

Molecular tests for therapy selection

CytoCell FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization) probes targeting genes in chromosomes 6 and 11 (RREB1, MYB and CCND1) are used to aid pathologists and clinicians in differentiating benign versus malignant melanocytic lesions.

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BRAF, NRAS, KIT and NF1 are among the most common mutated genes underlying the pathogenesis of melanoma that can be investigated by next generation sequencing (NGS) tests. The Sysmex solution to help characterise the overall genomic landscape of melanomas is SureSeq myPanelTM* NGS Custom Melanoma Cancer Panel.

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For first-line treatment particularly in BRAF wild-type patients, immunotherapy with PD-1 antibodies alone or in combination with CTLA-4 antibodies should be considered [7]. While the combination of dabrafenib/trametinib is one of the standards of care for adjuvant BRAF-mutated melanoma patients and was approved by the European Medicines Agency for adjuvant treatment for melanoma in August 2018 [5].

Liquid biopsy for monitoring

Analysing genetic mutations in biopsied tissue has been the standard in clinical oncology, despite its inconvenience and risks of clinical complications for the patients [8]. Moreover, biopsies can be subject to selection bias due to tumour heterogeneity, can be difficult to obtain in sufficient amounts and the information provided is restricted to a static time point. [9, 10]. Here, liquid biopsy analysis of mutations in cell-free tumour DNA (ctDNA) has become a valuable tool for a variety of clinical and investigative applications. The detection of clinically relevant mutations from a simple blood draw enables clinicians to monitor the patient’s response to therapy in real time by repeated sampling throughout the whole course of treatment and allows early identification of upcoming resistances.

Plasma-SeqSensei™ Melanoma RUO Kit is a highly sensitive NGS-based assay allowing researchers to detect mutations on the two relevant genes NRAS and BRAF.

* SureSeq myPanelTM: For research use only; not for use in diagnostic procedures.

Find out more about how Sysmex makes a difference in the battle to conquer melanoma.

Plasma-SeqSensei™ Melanoma RUO Kit

Plasma-SeqSensei™ Melanoma RUO Kit

Plasma-SeqSensei™ Melanoma RUO Kit

Details
Plasma-SeqSensei™ Solid Cancer IVD Kit

Plasma-SeqSensei™ Solid Cancer IVD Kit

Plasma-SeqSensei™ Solid Cancer IVD Kit

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References

[1] Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_population.aspx
[2] Piñero-Madrona et al. (2020): J Surg Oncol. 1-6
[3] Anninga et al. (2016). (2016): Ann Surg Oncol. 23(6):2070-8
[4] Tsao et al, Genes & Dev. 2012. 26: 1131-1155
[5] O. Michielin et al. Cutaneous melanoma: ESMO Clinical Practice (2019) Annals of Oncology 30: 1884–1901
Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
[6] Sini M.C., Doneddu V., Paliogiannis P., Casula M., Colombino M., Manca A., Botti G., Ascierto P.A., Lissia A., Cossu A. Palmieri G. Genetic alterations in main candidate genes during melanoma progression. Oncotarget 9: 8531-8541, 2018
[7] Garbe et al, European Journal of Cancer 63 (2016) 201-217
[8] Overman MJ, Modak J, Kopetz S, et al: Use of research biopsies in clinical trials: Are risks and benefits adequately discussed? J Clin Oncol 31:17-22, 2013
[9] Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, et al: Cancer genome landscapes. Science 339:1546-1558, 2013
[10] Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, et al: Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 366:883-892, 2012
[11] https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
[12] https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer/about/what-is-melanoma.html
[13] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/#:~:text=Melanoma%20is%20caused%20by%20skin,melanoma%20is%20sudden%20intense%20exposure.

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